Multi‐site interaction turnover in flea–mammal networks from four continents: Application of zeta diversity concept and multi‐site generalised dissimilarity modelling

We studied patterns of changes in host–flea interactions measured as total turnover (TT) which can be partitioned into components, namely species (ST), interaction rewiring (RW), and mixed (MX) networks from Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, applying a multi-site metric. also searched for environmental drivers TT its components. asked whether (a) different components contribute differently to rare versus common (in terms frequency occurrence); (b) relative roles differ between continents; (c) the interactions, and/or continental networks. Between-network dissimilarity increased with an increase number compared Pure ST contributed most whereas was predominated by MX. The effects factors, richness, spatial distance on differed networks, interactions. Climate vegetation exerted strongest (except Asia) and, lesser degree, (South America) RW both Europe/Asia, MX Africa). Interaction richness mainly influenced ST. conclude that were geographically invariant did not depend identity interactors, because species-specific responses environment.